Journal of Coating Technology and Innovation

ABSTRACT

Color-changing coatings represent a promising frontier in advanced materials for dynamic and adaptive applications. This review explores the science and future of thermochromic and photochromic materials, focusing on their fundamental mechanisms, innovative fabrication techniques, and emerging applications. Thermochromic systems, which alter color in response to temperature fluctuations, and photochromic coatings, which change rapidly under UV or visible light, demonstrate reversible transitions with response times ranging from sub-second to several seconds. Recent advances in nano structuring and composite formulations have led to significant
improvements in performance metrics, such as tuning transition temperatures (for example, VO-based coatings can be adjusted near 68°C) and achieving higher color contrast and cycling durability in spiropyran derivatives. Despite these breakthroughs, challenges remain regarding long-term durability, cost eciency, and scalability for widespread use. Future prospects include developing multi-stimuli responsive systems and integrating smart digital controls to enhance functionality in applications like smart windows, wearable sensors, and adaptive displays. Overall, this review clearly outlines the state-of-the-art and future directions in dynamic color-changing coatings, paving the way for further innovation.

Article History

Received 22 October 2024; Revised 12 November 2024; Accepted 18 November 2024

KEYWORDS

1. Color-changing coatings
2. Thermochromism
3. Photochromic coatings
4. Thermochromic materials